India
भारत गणराज्य ((hi)) | |||||
Bhārat Ganarājya hi | |||||
Republic of India en | |||||
Repoblikan' India ((mg)) | |||||
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Teny filamatra : सत्यमेव जयते (Satyamēva Jayatē) (avy amin'ny Sanskrity : Ny Marina ihany no izy) | |||||
Teny ofisialy | fiteny hindi, fiteny anglisy, ary fiteny hafa miisa 21 1 | ||||
Renivohitra | New Delhi 28° 34' N, 77° 07' E | ||||
Tanàna ngeza indrindra | Mombay | ||||
Fitondrana sy governemanta - Filoham-pirenena - Praiminisitra |
Repoblika federaly Ram Nath Kovind Narendra Modi | ||||
Velarantany - Tontaliny - Rano (%) |
faha 7 3 287 590 km² 9,5 % | ||||
Isam-ponina - Tontaliny (2008) - hakitroka |
faha 2 1 147 995 898 mpo. 349 mpo./km² {{{1}}} | ||||
Anaran'ny mponina | Indianina | ||||
IDH (2006) | Mihakatra 0,611 (anelanelany) faha 126 | ||||
Sandam-bola | Ropia (INR )
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Faritr'ora | UTC + 5,30 | ||||
Hiram-pirenena | Jana-Gana-Mana | ||||
Valan-tsehatra internet | |||||
Antso an-tariby |
+91
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I India dia firenena ao Azia Atsimo, i New Delhi no renivohiny ary i Bombay no tanàn-dehibe be mponina indrindra ao. Mirefy 3 287 263 km2 ny velarany ary miisa 1 429 tapitrisa ny mponina tao aminy tamin' ny taona 2023.
Ny hoe India dia avy amin' ny fiteny persana hoe Sindhu, izay anarana persanan' ny renirano Indosy amin' ny fiteny sanskrity. Ny anarana ôfisialy dia mampiasa ny teny hoe Bharat (mpanjaka hindoa niaina taona taloha). Ny anarany fahatelo hoe Hindustan ("tanin' ny Hindoa" amin' ny fiteny persana) dia niasa tamin' ny taonan' ny Empira Môgôly, io teny hoe Hindustan io dia tsy ôfisialy intsony ankehitriny fa ampiasaina matetika rehefa miresaka an' i India.
Mivelatra amin' ny halavana 7 000 km i India. Mizara sisintany amin' i Pakistàna izy any andrefana, sy i Sina, i Nepaly, i Botàna izy any avaratra. I Bangladesa sy i Mianmara any atsinanana. Eo amin' ny Ranomasimbe Indianina, tsy lavitry ny Repoblikan' i Maldiva (any atsimo-andrefana), i Seilàna (any atsimo-atsinanana). Mizara sisintany amin' i Afganistàna koa i India any avaratra-atsinanany. Ny vohontanin' i India dia miavaka noho ny fisian' ny ampahany amin' i Himalaya (tandavan-tendrombohitra avo indrindra eran-tany) sy ny ony lehibe telo: i Indosy sy i Ganges (renirano manan-kasina ho an' ny Hindoa) ary i Brahmaputra. Miavaka ny toetany noho ny fisian' ny rivotra mosôna (misy orana mahery amin' ny fahavaratra).
I India no firenena faharoa be mponina indrindra eran-tany (aorian' i Sina): ny mponina ao aminy dia 17 % amin' ny mponina eran-tany. Vondrom-poko 1 600 mahery no miara-monina ao amin' ny tanin' i India. Miavaka ny fiarahamonina indiana noho ny fisian' ny sarangam-poko (kasta), izany hoe fandaminana ara-piarahamonina ahitana ambaratonga miankina indrindra amin' ny fandovana sy ny fivavahana.
Misy fiteny sy fitenim-paritra maherin' ny 3 000 ny ao India ka fiteny ôfisialy roapolo mahery no eken' ny lalàmpanorenana. Ny fitenim-pirenena dia ny fiteny hindy. Maro ny fivavahana teraka tao amin' io zana-kôntinenta io, toy ny bodisma, ny jainisma, ny hindoisma ary ny sikisma.
Ny fambolena no sehatra lehibe amin' ny asa ara-toekarena ao India, izay faharoa amin' ny famokarana vary eran-tany. Nihanivoatra be i India tamin' ny dimy ambin' ny folo taona farany teo, indrindra tamin' ny fanombohana ny fiovana demôgrafika nisy hatry ny taona 1991. Tamin' ny 22 Janoary 2007 dia niverina avy tany amin' ny habakabaka ny kapsily indianina tsy misy olona afaka 12 andro, izay nametraka marika siantifika sy teknika lehibe ho an' i India. Hatry ny taona 2008 dia anisan' ny hery ara-toekarena lehibe eto an-tany i India, izay nanakaiky an' i Sina sy i Rosia ary i Brezily; ary i India no hery ara-toekarena fahavalo eto an-tany.
Teo amin' ny tanin' i India no misy ny sivilizasiôna antitra indrindra eto an-tany: ny sivilizasiônan' Indosy, iray amin' ny voalohany fantatra tao amin' ny Saikinosy Indiana, nanomboka tamin' ny taona 2500 ka hatramin' ny 1800 tal JK. any ho any. Voamariky ny fananiham-bohitra nataon' ny Ariana ny tantaran' i India: olona avy any Azia Afovoany niandohan' ny rafitra misy sarangam-poko. Nivoatra tsikelikely ny fandaminana ara-pôlitika, ka nipoitra ny repoblika sy ny fanjakà-mpanjaka isan-karazany. Taorian' ny Fanjakan' i Magadha, izay niandohan' ny fampiraisana an' i India, dia maro ny tarana-mpanjaka nifandimby, indrindra fa ny Maurya sy ny Gupta (izay heverina ho andro volamenan' ny kolontsaina klasika tany India). Nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-11 ka hatramin' ny taonjato faha-17 ilay firenena no niharan' ny fananiham-bohitra nataon' ny Mozilmana sy ny Môgôly. Ny fanjanahantany eorôpeana (nataon' ny Pôrtogey, ny Hôlandey, ny Frantsay ary ny Britanika) dia nanomboka tamin' ny taonjato faha-16. Tamin' ny farany dia ny Empira Britanika no nahavita nifehy tanteraka ilay firenena. Mandritra ny taonjato roa i India dia zanatany anglisy; izy no zanatany britanika ngeza indrindra. Nitranga tamin' ny taona 1849 ny andiana fikomiana voalohany nanohitra io fahefana io. Notohizan' i Mohandas Gandhi izany tamin' ny taompolo 1920 sy 1930. Nahazo ny fahaleovan-tenany i India tamin' ny taona 1947. Tamin' io fotoana io dia naverina ho an' i India taorian' ny fahazoany ny fahaleovan-tena ny tobim-barotra (kôntoara) frantsay sy pôrtogey tao India. Na izany aza dia nisy ady ara-pivavahana sy ara-pizaràn-tany maro tao amin' ilay firenena.
Tantara
hanovaNipoitra tao India ny fiteny klasika roa (fiteny sanskrity sy fiteny tamily) misy eto amin' izao tontolo izao. Efa nampiasaina mandritry ny telo arivo taona ireo fiteny roa ireo. Namorona finoana antsoina hoe hindoisma ilay firenena, finoana izay mbola arahin' ny maro amin' ny Indiana amin' izao fotoana izao. Tamin' ny taona 300 tal. J.K., dia namorona ny empira sy ny Fiankohonana Maurya i Ashoka, izay nahavory ny ankamaroan' ny tanin' i Azia Atsimo ho anaty firenena iray. Tamin' ny taona 180 tal. J.K. dia voatafiky ny firenena maro samihafa i India na dia taty aoriana aza (100 – 1100), dia nipoitra ireo fiankohonana indianina hafa: izay ahitana ny Chalukya, ny Chola, ny Pallava ary ny Pandya.[1] Tamin' izany fotoana izany dia nalaza tamin' ny siansa sy ny zavakanto ary ny asa soratra ny faritra atsimo ao India.
Maro ny fiankohonana nanjaka tao India nandritry ny taona arivo. Anisan' ireo ny Empira Môgaly, ny Empira Vijayanagara ary ny Empira Maratha. Tamin' ny taona 1600 dia notafihan' ny firenena eorôpeana i India, ary voazanaky ny Britanika tanteraka izy io nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1856 hatramin' ny taona 1947.
Taorian' ny taona 1947, i India dia nanana toekarena sôsialista voalahatra. Anisan' ny firenena mpikambana nanorina ny hetsiky ny firenena tsy momba ny atsy na ny aroa ary ny Firenena Mikambana i India. Niatrika ady maro izy io taorian' ny fahaleovan-tenany tamin' ny Fanjakana Mikambana, anisan' izany ny ady tamin' ny taona 1957-58, 1965, 1971 ary 1999 tamin' i Pakistàna ary ny adin' ny 1962 tamin' i Sina. Niady ihany koa izy io mba haka an' i Goa, izay seranana natsangan' ny Pôrtogey, ary tsy azon' i India raha tsy tamin' ny taona 1961. Nandà ny Pôrtogey ka voatery naka azy an-keriny ny Indiana. Nanao fanandramana nokleary ihany koa i India tamin' ny taona 1974 sy 1998, ary anisan' ny firenena vitsy manana fitaovam-piadiana nokleary. Anisan' ireo toekarena mitombo haingana indrindra eto an-tany ny toekaren' i India nanomboka tamin' ny taona 1991.
Taona taloha
hanovaAndron' ny reforma
hanovaIndia islamo
hanovaIndia Eoropeana
hanovaLalan'ny fahaleovantena
hanovaFizarana manaintaina
hanovaPôlitika
hanovaJeôgrafia
hanovaMivelatra amin' ny halavana 7 000 km i India. Mirefy 3 287 263 km2 ny velarany. Mizara sisintany amin' i Pakistàna izy any andrefana, sy i Sina, i Nepaly, i Botàna izy any avaratra. I Bangladesa sy i Mianmara any atsinanana. Eo amin' ny Ranomasimbe Indianina, tsy lavitry ny Repoblikan' i Maldiva (any atsimo-andrefana), i Seilàna (any atsimo-atsinanana). Mizara sisintany amin' i Afganistàna koa i India any avaratra-atsinanany. Ny vohontanin' i India dia miavaka noho ny fisian' ny ampahany amin' i Himalaya (tandavan-tendrombohitra avo indrindra eran-tany) sy ny ony lehibe telo: i Indosy sy i Ganges (renirano manan-kasina ho an' ny Hindoa) ary i Brahmaputra. Miavaka ny toetany noho ny fisian' ny rivotra mosôna (misy orana mahery amin' ny fahavaratra).
An' i India ny ampahany be amin' ny Zana-Kôntinenta Indianina. Miraikitra amin' i Aostralia ilay zana-kôntintenta amin' ny resaka plaky: ny plaky Indô-Aostralianina. Mikasika kely ny tendrombohitra Himalaya ny avaratr' i India. Eo antsimon' i Himalaya dia misy saha tena mahavokatra indrindra any India: ny tany Indô-Ganjetìka no anaran' izy io. Any andrefana, misy ny tanimatin' i Thar. Any antsimo, dia misy lembalemba voafaritra any avarany amin' ny Gaty Andrefana sy any antsinanany amin' ny Gaty Antsinanana.
Fizaràn' ny faritany
hanovaAnarana | Renivohitra | Teny ofisialy | Velarantany (km²) | Isam-ponina (2001) | Natsangana tamin'ny |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Andhra Pradesh | Hyderabad | Telogo | 276 754 | 76 210 007 | 1956 |
Arunachal Pradesh | Itanagar | Hindy | 83 578 | 1 097 968 | 1987 |
Assam | Dispur | Asamey | 78 438 | 26 655 528 | 1947 |
Bengala Andrefana | Kolkata | Bengaly | 88 752 | 80 176 197 | 1960 |
Bihar | Patna | Hindy | 94 163 | 82 998 509 | 1947 |
Chhattisgarh | Raipur | Hindy | 135 133 | 20 833 803 | 2000 |
Goa | Panaji | Kônkany | 3 702 | 1 347 668 | 1987 |
Gujarat | Gandhinagar | Gujarati | 196 024 | 50 671 017 | 1960 |
Haryana | Chandigarh | Hindy | 44 212 | 21 144 564 | 1966 |
Himachal Pradesh | Shimla | Hindy | 55 673 | 6 077 900 | 1971 |
Jammu-sy-Kasimira | Srinagar | Kasmiry, ordo | 222 236 | 10 143 700 | 1947 |
Jharkhand | Ranchi | Hindy | 79 714 | 26 945 829 | 2000 |
Karnataka | Bangalore | Kanada | 191 791 | 52 850 562 | 1956 |
Kerala | Trivandrum | Malaialama | 38 863 | 31 841 374 | 1956 |
Madhya Pradesh | Bhopal | Hindy | 308 000 | 60 348 023 | 1956 |
Maharashtra | Mumbai | Maraty | 308 000 | 96 878 627 | 1960 |
Manipur | Imphal | manipory | 22 356 | 2 166 788 | 1972 |
Meghalaya | Shillong | Garô, kasy, anglisy | 22 489 | 2 318 822 | 1972 |
Mizoram | Aizawl | Mizo, anglisy | 21 087 | 888 573 | 1987 |
Nagaland | Kohima | Anglisy | 16 527 | 1 990 036 | 1963 |
Orissa | Bhubaneswar | Ôria | 155 842 | 36 804 660 | 1949 |
Penjab | Chandigarh | Penjaby | 50 362 | 24 358 999 | 1956 |
Rajasthan | Jaipur | Hindy | 342 239 | 56 507 188 | 1956 |
Sikkim | Gangtok | Nepaley | 7 107 | 540 851 | 1975 |
Tamil Nadu | Chennai | Tamily | 130 058 | 62 405 679 | 1956 |
Tripura | Agartala | Bengaly | 10 477 | 3 199 203 | 1972 |
Uttarakhand | Dehradun | Hindy | 53 483 | 8 489 349 | 2000 |
Uttar Pradesh | Lucknow | Hindy | 236 286 | 166 197 921 | 1950 |
Fiteny
hanovaMaro dia maro ny fiteny any India izay ao amin' ny fianakaviam-piteny maro samihafa. Ny fanisana natao tamin' ny taona 2011 dia nahitana fiteny miisa 270, ka ny 122 dia fiteny lehibe (be mpampiasa). Manao ny 22 amin' ireo fiteny ireo ho fiteny ôfisialy ny lalàm-panorenana indiana. Miteny fiteny indô-ariana ny 77 %n' ny vahoaka indiana (ka ny be mpiteny indrindra dia ny fiteny hindy izay fiteny nibeazan' ny olona miisa 422 tapitrisa, izany hoe 41 %n' ny mponina, sady fiteny ôfisialin' ny governemanta foibe), ny 20 %n' ny mponina no miteny amin' ireo fiteny dravidiana. Ny fianakaviam-piteny hafa hita ao India dia ny aostrôaziatika, ny sinô-tibetana ary ny tai-kaday. Ny fiteny anglisy dia fiteny voalohany na faharoa safidîn' ny 12 %n' ny mponina.
Ny fiteny indô-ariana
hanovaNy fiteny indô-ariana dia sampana iray ao amin' ireo fiteny indô-iraniana, izay ao anatin' ny fianakaviam-piteny indô-eorôpeana. Ao Azia Atsimo no tena ahitana olona maro miteny azy ireo, isan' izany ny ao India.
Fiteny indô-ariana be mpampiasa indrindra
hanovaNy fiteny hindỳ dia fitenim-pirenen' i India. Misy 480 tapitrisa eo ho eo ny isan' ny olona miteny azy, 360 tapitrisa amin' ireo no manana ny fiteny hindỳ ho tenin-dreny. Amin' ny tapany avaratra amin' i India no misy ny ankabeazan' ny mpiteny hindỳ. Ny fiteny ordò dia mitovitovy amin' ny fiteny hindy ihany.
Ny fiteny bengaly dia fiteny tenenina indrindra any India atsinanana, nefa tenenina koa any Bangladesy, anisan' ny teny ôfisialin' i India, indrindra any amin' ny faritan' i Bengal Andrefana sy any Tripura.
Ny fiteny maraty dia fitenin' ny olona miisa 75 tapitrisa any ho any India, indrindra ao amin' ny fanjakan' i Maharashtra sy Goa. Ny fiteny maraty dia iray amin' ireo fiteny ôfisialy any India.
Fiteny indô-ariana hafa
hanovaAnisan' ireo fiteny indô-ariana be mpapiasa ao India koa ny fiteny gojaraty sy ny fiteny ôdià (na ôrià) ary ny fiteny penjaby. Ny fiteny gojaraty no fitenin' ny tompontanin' i Gujarat, izay ampiasain' ny olona miisa 46 tapitrisa any India sy maneran-tany.
Ny fiteny dravidiana
hanovaNy fiteny dravidiana dia fianakaviam-piteny ahitana fiteny miisa 30 any ho any izay samy avy ao India avokoa, ka tenenina indrindra ao atsimon' i India. Ny tena be mpampiasa dia ny fiteny telogo, ny fiteny tamily, ny fiteny malaialama ary ny fiteny kanada.
Fiteny dravidiana be mpiteny indrindra
hanovaNy fiteny telogo dia fitenin' ny olona miisa 70 tapitrisa any ho any, tenenina indrindra any amin' ny faritra Andhra Pradesh, izay manao azy ho fiteny ôfisialy io. Fiteny ôfisialy ihany koa izy any amin' ny faritra Karnataka sy Maharashtra ary any Orissa.
Ny fiteny tamily dia fiteny ôfisialin' i Tamil Nadu sy ny tananan' i Pondichery ary Karîkâl.
Fiteny dravidiana hafa
hanovaAnisan' ny fiteny dravidiana be mpiteny koa ny fiteny kanada sy ny fiteny malaialama. Ny fiteny kanada dia fiteny any amin' ny tapany atsimon' i India, fiteny ôfisialin' i Karnataka, ampiasain' ny olona miisa 45 tapitrisa any ho any. Ny fiteny malaialama dia anisan' ny fiteny tenenina any amin' ny tapany atsimon' i India koa, fiteny ôfisialin' ny faritany mizakatenan' i Kerala, fiteny ôfisialy ao amin' ny faritan' i Lakshadweep sy any Pondicherry, fiteny ôfisialin' i India ihany koa, izay misy mpiteny miisa 35,9 tapitrisa any ho any.
Ny fianakaviam-piteny sy vondrom-piteny hafa
hanovaFiteny aostrôaziatika
hanovaNy fiteny aostrôaziatika dia fianakaviam-piteny any Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana sy ao amin' ny faritra atsinanana any India. Miisa 10 tapitrisa ny mpiteny aostrôaziatika any India, 6 tapitrisa ny mpiteny sinô-tibetàna, izany hoe 3 %n' ny mponina. Anisan' ny fiteny aostrôneziatika ny fiteny kasy (khasi) sy ny fiteny monda (munda) ary ny fiteny santaly (santali). Anisany ireo fiteny ao amin' ireo nosy Nicobar. Ankoatry ny fiteny kasy sy ny fiteny santaly dia fiteny tandindomin-doza ny fiteny aostrôaziatika hafa ao India.
Fiteny sinô-tibetana
hanovaNy fiteny sinô-tibetana dia fianakaviam-piteny any Azia Atsinanana sy Azia Atsimo-Atsinanana sy Azia Afovoany ary Azia Atsimo, izay misy mpiteny koa any India.
Fiteny tai-kaday
hanovaNy fiteny tai-kaday dia fianakaviam-piteny tenenina ao amin' ny saikanosin' i Indôsina sy any amin' ny faritra atsimo ao Sina, izay misy mpiteny koa any India.
Fiteny andamaney
hanovaNy fiteny any Andamàna dia vondrom-piteny ao amin' ny nosy Andamàna tenenin' ny tompon-tany andamaney. Misy vondrona roa ao amin' izany fianakaviam-piteny izany, dia ny fiteny andamaney lehibe sy ny fiteny andamaney avaratra.
Fivavahana
hanovaTao India no nipoiran' ny hindoisma, ny bodisma, ny jainisma ary ny sikisma. Nandray hatry ny ela ny jodaisma, ny kristianisma, ny finoana silamo ary ny zôrôastrisma koa io firenena io. Matetika nandray anjara lehibe ny fivavahana teo amin' ny tantaran' i India, ary eken' ny lalàna indiana ny fisian' izy ireo. Ny ankabetsahan' ny Indiana dia mpivavaka ary mandray anjara betsaka amin' ny fiainan' izy ireo ny ny fivavahana.
Ny fivavahana nipoitra tao India
hanovaNy hindoisma
hanovaTamin' ny taona 2011 dia nisy mpino hindo miisa 966 tapitrisa tao India, ka 79,9 %n' ny mponina izany[2]. Sady fivavahana sy filôzôfia ary fomba fiainana nipoitra ao amin' ny Zana-Kôntinenta Indiana ny hindoisma. Anisan' ny fivavahana tranainy indrindra eran' izao tontolo izao izay mbola misy manaraka izy. Mampiavaka ny hindoisma ny toetrany izay ahitana fanambarana karazana finoana sy fanao avy amin' ny fivavahana samihafa (sinkretisma).
Ny bodisma
hanovaMisy mpino bodista miisa 8 400 000 (0,7 %) ny ao India. Nipoitra avy tao India tamin' ny taonjato faha-5 tal. J.K. ny bodisma noho ny fifohazana ara-panahin' i Siddhartha Gautama sy ny fielezan' ny fampianarany. Azo heverina ho fivavahana tsy misy andriamanitra mpamorona ny bodisma; satria tsy misy firesahana momba izany ao amin' ny ankamaroan' ny sampan' ny bodisma.
Ny jainisma
hanovaMisy mpino jaina miisa 4 400 000 (0,4 %) ny ao India. Ny jainisma dia mampianatra fa mitovy ny tanjon' ny fiainana ho an' ny hindoisma sy ny bodisma ary ny sikisma. Tamin' ny andron' i Mahâvîra no tena nielezan' ny jainisma tao India. Mandala ny fisainanana tsy misy herisetra (ahimsa) ity fivavahana ity.
Ny sikisma
hanovaMisy mpino siky miisa 20,8 tapitrisa (1,7 %) ny ao India. Fivavahana amin' Andriamanitra tokana naorin' ny Guru Nanak tao amin' ny tapany avaratr' i India tamin' ny taonjato faha-15 ny sikisma. Mino ny Siky fa tsy manam-petra, mandrakizay, mpamorona, anton' ny anton-javatra rehetra, tsy manam-pahavalo, ary tsy misy fankahalana Andriamanitra, izay sady ato amin' izao tontolo izao no ao ivelany sy mihoatra azy (mihoa-draha).
Ny fivavahana niditra avy ety ivelany
hanovaNy jodaisma
hanovaLatsaky ny 20 000 ny mpino manaraka ny jodaisma ao India. Efa tany amin' ny Andro Taloha no nahitana Jiosy mpifindra monina tany India ka anisan' ny fivavahana avy ivelany niditra tao India ny jodaisma.
Ny kristianisma
hanovaMisy Kristana miisa 27 800 000 (2,3 %) ny ao India[2]. Lazain' ny lovantsofina fa nentin' ny apôstôly Tômasy (na Tômà) tao India tamin' ny taonjato voalohany ny kristianisma. Izy no fivavahana avy any ivelany tonga voalohany tao India. Ankehitriny dia hita ao India ny katôlisisma, ny kristianisma ôrtôdôksa, ny prôtestantisma, ny batisma ary ny fiangonana tatsinanana samihafa.
Ny finoana silamo
hanovaMisy Mozilmana miisa 172 tapitrisa (14,2 %) ny ao India ka firenena laharana fahatelo izy amin' izany ao aorian' i Indônezia sy i Pakistàna[2]. Efa tany amin' ny taonjato faha-7 tany no nampisy ny finoana silamo tany India izay nentin' ny Arabo mpivarotra, nefa taorian' ny fakàn-tany nataon' ny Mozilmàna tany India no nampiely azy indrindra.
Ny zôrôastrisma
hanovaAnkehitriny dia miisa 61 000 ny Zôrôastriana parsy ao India. Efa nisy tao India tamin' ny vanim-potoana sasanida ny zôrôastrisma. Nifindra monina tao India nanao andiany mifanesy ny Zôrôastriana nandritra ny vanim-potoana silamo, taorian' ny fakàn' ny Mozilmàna an' i Persia, raha nihen-danja ny fivavahany tao Iràna sy tamin' ny firenena hafa noho ny fanenjehana. Tamin' ny vanim-potoana safavida koa dia nisy fifindrà-monina. Ao India, ankehitriny, no ahitana Zôrôastriana betsaka indrindra.
Jereo koa
hanova- Firenena ao Azia: Afganistàna - Arabia Saodita - Armenia - Azerbaijàna - Bangladesy - Bareina - Botàna - Broney - Emirata Arabo Mitambatra - Filipina - Iemena - India - Indônezia - Iràka - Iràna - Israely - Japàna - Jôrdania - Kambôdia - Katara - Kazakstàna - Kirgizistàna - Kôety - Kôrea Atsimo - Kôrea Avaratra - Laôsy - Libàna - Maldiva - Malezia - Mianmara - Môngôlia - Nepaly - Ômàna - Ozbekistàna - Pakistàna - Palestina (fanjakana) - Rosia - Sina - Singaporo - Siria - Srilanka - Tailandy - Taioàna - Tajikistàna - Torkia - Torkmenistàna - Vietnamy.
- Foko any India: Dravidiana (Brahoy - Telogo - Tamily - Kanadiga - Malaialy - Tolo) - Jiosy any India (Fananan' ny Kasimiry firazanana jiosy - Jiosin' i Malabar - Bene Israely -Bene Efraima - Knanaia - Bano Israily - Bney Menase) -
- Fiteny any India
- Kôntinenta eto an-tany
- Afrika
- Amerika (Amerika Avaratra - Amerika Atsimo)
- Azia
- Eorôpa
- Ôseania
- Antarktika
- hotmail
- hotmail Archived Febroary 22, 2024 at the Wayback Machine
Topi-maso
hanova- "India", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, archived from the original on 2008-06-11, retrieved 4 October 2011
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